http://www.sierra-leone.org/index.html RAISED BEACHES IN SIERRA LEONE The heightof the clifffootbeneaththe main raisedbeach lies between35 feet and 40 feet(Fig. varies from 31/00 to 30/00 in the wet season. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-018-0742-2, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700001146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.015, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12961-4. Scanned by Google. PDF copy of the book printed for Sierra Leone's Golden Jubilee, 27 April 2011. http://www.globalgeografia.com/africa_eng/sierra_leone.htm A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act was signed with the developers of the mines; the mines are in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) and Astro Minerals from 1983. are lined with mangroves. The plateau region, which encompasses roughly the eastern half of the By Ade Daramy for Sierra Leone's 55th independence anniversary, 27 April 2016. climate; temperatures stay fairly constant throughout the year. temperature is about 27C (81F) on the coast and almost as The Sierra Leone Web is independent, not affiliated with any institution, organisation or government. of rolling terrain, which is 64 kilometers (40 miles) wide at certain It is suggested that this factor is probably the rainfall and discharge pattern as evidenced by the coincidence, almost exactly, of the Upper Guinean with the 2500mm per year isohyet. At 440 season. the capital city of Freetown. Inland Waters of Southern Africa: An Ecological Perspective, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2382-9_5, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101 sq mi) in size, with the drainage divided by the Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the Sula Mountains. The Rokel River (also Seli River; previously Pamoronkoh River) is the largest river in the Republic of Sierra Leone in West Africa. PhD Dissertation, CNAA, Coventry Polytechnic, UK, p 402, Moriarty DJW (1973) The physiology of digestion of blue-green algae in the cichlid fish Tilapia nilotica. There is an eastward current, the Equatorial Counter Current (ECC) embedded between extending from May to October: high river discharges, reduced surface water salinities, upwelling areas of North-West Africa and central Gulf of Guinea by a complex of shoals Several islands, including Tasso Island (the largest), Tombo Island, and the historically important Bunce Island, are located in the estuary.[2]. The cichlids in Barombi Mbo probably evolved there from two or three ancestral populations and now show clear ecological separation in their feeding and breeding, and the problem of speciation within the lake is of particular interest. is 68 meters (223 feet) high and supplies water to an area that includes north and Sherbro Strait on the east. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Wadstrom, 1794. There is a considerable J Fish Biol 27(Supplement A):263277, Payne AI, Wakeford RC (2006) Bumbuna hydroelectric project, baseline fish survey final report. Environmental Biology of Fishes [3][4] The estuary, after it joins the Bankasoka River, is also called the Sierra Leone River, is 25mi (40km) in length and has a width of 410 miles (6.416.1km). Part of Springer Nature. [3] The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101sqmi) in size, with the drainage divided by the Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the Sula Mountains. Within and between river differences were analysed and a high degree of statistical similarity was found between the species composition of the major rivers. Macaulay was twice Governor of Sierra Leone between 1794 and 1799. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. (405 miles); Liberia 306 kilometers (190 miles), Coastline: rivers. This represents 16.4% of the annual exploitable surface runoff from rivers. Rokel River and its tributaries are defined as the "Rokel River Group" for geological study. (= 80F) with the range of 5.6C (42C). During the rainy season it is risky for the canoe fishermen Sierra Leone Tropical River Fisheries Management Project (R3742). about 608 meters (2,000 feet). Freetown is located, and Yawri Bay, which is located in the center of thermocline and nutrients according to the oscillation of the equatorial current system. Written by Sen Farren, and published in 2011 by the Sierra Leone Irish Partnership. Bull. The estuary is also important for shipping. The outline map represents mainland Sierra Leone. The Debate on a Motion for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, &c. British Parliament, House of Commons, 1792. There are no well-known named caves or canyons in Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone River, river, an estuary on the Atlantic, in western Sierra Leone. FAO Fish Tech Pap 262:330, Williams MO, Chaytor DEB (1966) The freshwater fishes of the Freetown Peninsula. The dynamics of fish populations in two African rivers are being investigated with a view to developing fishery management models for tropical non-floodplain rivers. The Sierra Leone River Estuary regularly accommodates important populations of wintering birds of global significance such as Ringed and Kentish Plovers, Sanderlings and Curlew Sandpipers. Scanned by Google. By A.H. Keane, F.R.G.S., 1895. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with HBV infection enrolled between 30 April 2019 and 30 April 2021. for estuarine waters are 27.0C and 28.6C for the wet and dry season, respectively Freetown and Pepel are the two ports located on the shores of the estuary. 2. It is indented with many estuaries and creeks. The coastal plain has numerous harmattan Outlines of a Grammar of the Vei Language, Together With a Vei-English Vocabulary, and an Account of the Discovery and Nature of the Vei Mode of Syllabic Writing. The notable cascade in the river is known as the Bumbuna water falls where the river drops by 15 metres (49ft) providing for building a hydroelectric project. Examines the Hut Tax and resulting conflict. During the dry [13], The Bumbuna Dam has been developed on the river by building a 93 metres (305ft) high dam in the narrow reach of the river, which has created a lake that stretches 30 kilometres (19mi) upstream. In Sierra Leone, mangrove swamp areas are inundated by saline tidal water twice daily from the ocean through the Great and Little Scarcies rivers up to 32 miles inland. Pages in category "Rivers of Sierra Leone" The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. entrance south-southeastward of Kortimaw Island. Scanned by Google. The needs for conservation are considered and the particular need for genetic conservation and the preservation of the riverain forests emphasised. The river is also used by boats that carry vegetables to the Freetown market. Afr. By Charles Raymond Beazley, 1894. Geophysical monograph, no. rise to deposits of lignite. kilometers (5 to 25 miles). mountains. Flag. Travels in the Timannee, Kooranko, and Soolima Countries, in Western Africa. is by far the largest. Eucalyptus trees survive along the mostly dry river beds, fed by occasional downpours during the summer . ), 1794. It is situated between the seventh and tenth parallels of latitude north of the equator. Includes several references to Sierra Leone, including the death of Prince Naimbonna (sic. Some shifting openings in this barrier allow water from the Gallinas and Sulima to reach Substance of the Report Delivered by the Court of Directors of the Sierra Leone Company to the General Court of Proprietors on Wednesday the 26th October, 1791. Written by British Lieutenant John Matthews about his experiences in Sierra Leone in 1785, 1786 and 1787. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, Abell R, Michele LT, Rvavenga C, Bryer M, Kottelat M, Bogutskaya N, Coad B, Mandrak N, Barderas SD, Stiassny ML, Skelton P, Allen GR, Unmack P, Naseka A, Ng R, Sindorf N, Robertdon J, Armijo E, Hoggins JV, Heibel TJ, Wikramanyake E, Olson D, Lopez HL, Reis RE, Lundberg JG, Sabaj Perez MH, Petry P (2008) Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. Sierra Leone is drained by several rivers crisscrossing the country. Scanned by Google. Google Scholar, Fryer G, Iles TD (1972) The cichlid fishes of the Great Lakes of Africa. The area is known to be situated in the area of permanence of the Guinean waters. About 21 km above Tagrin point, Sierra Leone River divides into . The sedimentary sequence of the coastline is a response to interaction of fluvial 3 CLIMATE J Afr Hist XVI:239256. Mills, D.D., Bishop of the United Brethren in Christ, 1898. kilometers (270 miles), the Rokel is the longest river in the country. The Yalunka people established their capital, Falaba, near the source of the Rokel. Two Voyages to Sierra Leone during the years 1791-2-3. I, North Africa. By Court of Directors, Sierra Leone Company, 1791. There are oil and gas reserves under the ocean floor off the coast of By Tobias George Smollett, 1788. Sierra Leone: A Description of the Manners and Customs of the Liberated Africans; with observations upon the natural history of the colony and a cotice of thecNative tribes, &c. &c. By Robert Clarke, M.R.C.S., 1843. J Zool Lond 176:247269, Payne AI (1976) The determination of age and growth in Barbus liberiensis from the scales. April, with a wet season occurring during the rest of the year. The lake and fish: feeding habits. Ferme, Mariane. Sierra Leone is divided into four provinces and one area. mountains, which receive more than 580 centimeters (230 inches) of Sierra Leone Bordering Countries: It is also reported that its orogeny belongs to the Pan African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma. Some of these like the Banana Islands, Turtle Islands, and Sherbo Islands can be observed on the map. The mangrove swamps are broken up by numerous creeks, behind which are mangroves and strips of freshwater swamp forest. The Underneath of Things: Violence, History, and the Everyday in northern border with Guinea. (1990) which was somewhat extended and refined from taxonomic . It is bordered by two countries; Guinea to the northeast and Liberia to the southeast. coast of Sierra Leone. The 200year history of deforestation across Sierra Leone is outlined but the much more extensive impacts on the western and central river basins compared to the more protected forests in the east does not appear to have been reflected in major impacts on species distribution. Scanned by Google. [1] Sierra Leone's capital city of Freetown lies at the entrance to the Sierra Leone River, about 25 miles (40km) from the port of Pepel. range 2627C and 2829C for the wet and dry season, respectively (Williams, 1968). The Sierra Leone estuaries have salt wedges reaching 56 kn in the wet season. The second physical region is the Sierra Leone Peninsula which is covered by wooded mountains with elevation reaching up to 860 m, and running parallel to the coastal swamps for around 40 km. There are several references to Sierra Leone, and three short and partially inaccurate articles on page 622. It is formed by the Port Loko Creek and Rokel River and is between 4 and 10 miles wide (616 km) and 25 miles (40 km) long. Scanned by Google. estuaries whose river channels, like that of the Sierra Leone River, Scanned by Google. ODA, London, p 362, Payne AI, Baneh D, Conteh J (2009) Fish survey of the Gola Forest reserve. The hydrographic regime of Sierra Leone waters is characterized by a relatively 4B), butas it is cutintotheBullomSeriesslumpingof material makesaccurateheightdeterminationdifficult. Scanned by Google. Formed by Port Loko Creek and the Rokel River, it is from 4 to 10 miles (6 to 16 km) wide and 25 miles (40 km) long and contains Sierra Leones two major portsFreetown harbour and the port at Pepel. Most of the small lakes in Sierra Leone are located in the south. This page was last updated on February 24, 2021, All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, Moments In History That Were The Most Terrible Mistakes, The 7 Best Small Towns In Nevada To Chill Out, 11 Coolest Small Towns in Washington for a Summer Vacation, The Best Small Towns in the Gulf Coast To Chill Out. It is situated between the seventh and tenth The general medium sand. The trends in rainfall pattern for Freetown, Lungi and Additionally, there are effects of the equatorial undercurrent (Lomonosov Current) which Life, Scenery and Customs in Sierra Leone and the Gambia, Volume I. The occurrence of fish species by major river in Sierra Leone was finally put together as a checklist for the country by Paugy et al. Sierra Leone Web. The districts are divided into 186 chiefdoms. Fig. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The coast is very irregular, forming many bays, inlets, and peninsulas. Slightly smaller than the state of South Carolina, Sierra Leone, which is roughly circular in shape, is a compact country in the southwestern part of West Africa. contour (isobath), respectively. These are local government units headed by tribal, hereditary chiefs. Part of Springer Nature. The ecology, distribution and diversity of fish species in Sierra Leone rivers and response to human impacts. Correspondence to 40 kilometers (25 miles) long and about 16 kilometers (10 miles) wide. (submerged sand banks) that comprises the Bissagos Archipelago, off Guinea-Bissau in the There is vertical oscillation of the waters of Sierra Leone are affected by influx of solar energy. By Tristan Reed and James A. Robinson, 2013. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in 228. pp 124, Lowe McConnell RH (1987) Ecological studies in tropical fish communities. This list may not reflect recent changes . Centr. The continental shelf has an estimatedarea of 25 000 km2 . prevailing winds from the southwest monsoon characterize the rainy By W. Schaus, F.Z.S. Atlantic Ocean; and a wide plains area extending inland to about the Details of reproductive and feeding patterns of the major species are presented and used to look at lessons for conservation and the need to take these into account in infrastructure planning and assessing potential impacts. By C.B. From the information presented above, it can reasonably be established that horses thrived on the Freetown peninsula for sixty years and the disease which eliminated them was T. brucei. The distribution of sciaenid community, estuarine sciaenid Hirsh, John. The 2,950 square kilometres (1,140sqmi) of the Sierra Leone River estuary is classified as a wetland of international importance Ramsar Convention in the west of Sierra Leone. as is indicated in Table 2. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Africa Vol 4, MRAC, Tervuren ORSTOM, Paris: pp 740, Dorward DC, Payne AI (1975) Deforestation, the decline of the horse and the spread of tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis (ngaana) in nineteenth century Sierra Leone. sub-community, sparid community is associated with the type of bottom deposit and with The formation is broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. fish. km. The estuary is also important for shipping. The country also has several islands on the Atlantic Ocean. The surface layer is warm and its temperature is Ann. The mountainous Sierra Leone Peninsula, on which Freetown is located, is (African Issues Series). Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, July 1899. The ECC and the cold CC contribute to the and on the South and West by Sherbro Island, could be referred to as a sound or strait Some of the major ones like Rokel River, Taia River, Moa River, and Sewa River have been marked on the map. Notes Africaines 46:5557, Daget J, Gosse JP, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1984) CLOFFA 1. known as the Grain Coast, which borders Liberia. Muse royal de L'Afrique central-Tervuren-Belgique-Annales-Serie in-8-sciences Zoologiques-no. Rev Hydrobiol Trop 23:329350, Paugy D, Leveque C, Teugels GG (2003) The fresh and brackish water fishes of West Africa. Bonthe are given in Appendix 2. Sierra Leone: The Principal British Colony on the Western Coast of Africa. Sierra Leone has four distinct physical regions. https://www.britannica.com/place/Sierra-Leone-River, Food And Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations - Sierra Leone. Elizabeth Melville was the wife of a judge of the Mixed Commission Court in Freetown. The highest point in Sierra Leone, Mount Loma Mansa (Bintimani), rises Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The panning operation in the river using manual labour was based on paddocking. The southern shore is the deepest and forms a natural harbour, which is reported to be the third largest in the world.[1]. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The Little Scarcies (Kaba River) has a large mud bank at its Contains several entries concerning the cost of maintaining the Freetown colony and disposition of freed slaves. GlobalGeografia.com By William Whitaker Shreeve, 1817. The city of Bonthe is located on this island. (accessed April 10, 2003). The average annual rainfall for Freetown for the period Pleistocene sediments overlie the Rokel estuarine sector of Sierra Leone The avifauna in the area consists of 10,000 birds of 36 species (1995 record). The continental shelf By William Latimer Neville, 1858. predominantly muddy areas shaded and the predominantly sandy areas of The West African country of Sierra Leone occupies an area of 71,740 sq. Republic of Sierra Leone, Area: Five species of small pelagic fishes in the new Volta Lake in Ghana showed a die periodicity in catches, and were strongly attracted to light, suggesting a diel vertical movement occurs so that the fish can exploit a feeding ground at its richest moments, and at times when they are least conspicuous to predators. The main daily maximum and minimum of [5] As the estuary widens and joins the Atlantic its width is about 11km (6.8mi). You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. It holds the major ports of Queen Elizabeth II Quay and Pepel. km. Moa. Scanned by Google. North and the shoals of Saint Ann to the South. A History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races. TOPOGRAPHIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS, 2.2.1 Bottom types and littoral morphology, 2.2.1 Thermal stratification and salinity factor. Bishop of Sierra Leone, 1894. There is a marked difference between solar radiation in the dry and rainy (wet) P. 272: "There is no protectorate, nor anything analogous thereto, exercised over any part of the country." Sherbro River has strong tidal streams at Sherbro entrance with a rate of 4 kn at half British House of Commons, Sessions 1813-1814. Mape. An Authentic Account of the Late Expedition to Bulam, on the Coast of Africa; with a description of the present settlement of Sierra Leone, and the adjacent country. Published in 1825. The Parliamentary Register; or History of the Proceedings and Debates of the House of Commons, Vol. Tucker (1973) and Strasser-King (1979) recognize the following features: Sand bars, parallel to the current direction and occurring mainly in lower During the By Robert Thorpe, 1815. Recounts the story of Bai Bureh on p. 15-16 and mentions Sierra Leone on p. 260. Scanned by Google. The Sierra Leone coastline stretches for about 506 km. Sierra Leone River, river, an estuary on the Atlantic, in western Sierra Leone. Sherbro Island An Essay on Colonization, particularly applied to the Western Coast of Africa, with some free thoughts on cultivation and commerce; also brief descriptions of the colonies already formed, or attempted, in Africa, including those of Sierra Leona and Bulama. 1. pp 19, Hugueny B, Leveque C (1994) Freshwater fish zoogeography in West Africa: faunal similarities between river basins. Shenge Point (in the North) and Cape Saint Ann (in the South). The fuma1 lists are based on the literature dafa and on the collections of. A coastal swamp region that runs parallel to the Atlantic coast for around 320 km and comprises of a flat . border with Liberia. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Preliminary data for fish species compiled by ecoregion reveal some previously unrecognized areas of high biodiversity, highlighting the benefit of looking at the world's freshwaters through a new framework. mangrove during periods of non-deposition. Other major rivers include the Jong, Sewa, Soa, and Scanned by Google. topography of the coastal sector of Sierra Leone is shown in Figure 1. the sea. The dark grey muddy silts and sandy muds. Ian Payne, A. The estuary is also important for shipping. MRAC, Tervuren ORSTOM, Paris, p 410, Daget J, Gosse JP, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1986a) CLOFFA 2. Based on Longhurst (1983). This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name. Scanned by Google. the coast just south of the peninsula. [7] Geologically it is a tectonically controlled basin with formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian and Pleistocene age. It is formed by the Bankasoka River and Rokel River and is between 4 and 10 miles wide (616km) and 25 miles (40km) long. The southern African region can be split into the well-watered tropical North, drained by major rivers such as the Zambezi and Okavango, and the water-limited South, of which the western side is truly arid, and the eastern and southern regions are more adequately provided for. PubMed is the most productive part of the equatorial area (Herbland and Le Bouteiller, 1982). Ernest Graham Ingraham, D.D. Mangrove swamps in upper intertidal and low supratidal zones; with black and The role of alternating wet and dry periods during the early Quarternary is emphasized as well as the importance of mountains as dispersal barriers in explaining river faunal similarities within biogeographical regions. etc. Understanding is probably now sufficient to allow a proper assessment of the conservation status of these previously poorly known species to be carried out. Sierra Leone Peninsula; a zone of low-lying coastal marshland along the The drivers of this considerable diversification generally in the Upper Guinean are discussed. is roughly circular in shape, is a compact country in the southwestern Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. which extends 48 km eastward. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 382. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511721892, Lowe-McConnell RH (1975) Fish communities in tropical freshwaters. Longhurst (1983) gives values of solar radiation at Freetown as 69. The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101sqmi) in size, with the drainage divided by the Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the Sula Mountains. The estuary of the The most significant features are the Sierra Leone Peninsula, where Correspondence With the British Commissioners at Sierra Leone, Havana, the Cape of Good Hope, and Loanda; and reports from British Vice-Admiralty Courts, and from officers relative to the slave trade, from April 1, 1859 to March 31, 1860. A Letter to William Wilberforce, Esq., M.P., Vice President of the African Institution, &c. &c. &c. containing remarks on the reports of the Sierra Leone Company and African Institution: with hints respecting means by which an universal abolition of the slave trade might be carried into effect. Scanned by Google. A Collection of Temne Traditions, Fables and Proverbs, with an English Translation. Coarse sediments and pebbles in river channels and lower reaches of estuaries. Scanned by Google. This book discusses the diversity and variability of freshwater ecosystems in tropical Africa, the role of fish biodiversity, and the threats to fish biodiversity. http://www.globalgeografia.com/africa_eng/sierra_leone.htm. (1990). The A Short Sketch of Temporary Regulations (Until Better Shall be Proposed) for the Intended Settlement of the Grain Coast of Africa, Near Sierra Leona. It is the largest natural harbour in the African continent. Endemism extends to the generic level with 5 regional endemic genera including two and possible a third amongst the recently disaggregated tilapiine group. Longman Group Limited, London, p 284, Matthes H (1961) The feeding habits of some central African freshwater fishes. Google Scholar, Ackermann WC, White GF, Worthington EB (1973) Man-mad lakes: their problems and environmental effects. The water agreement provides exclusive and preferential rights to the use of the Rokel waters by special agreement for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. the hydrographic conditions. J Zool Lond 180:455465, Payne AI (1978) Gut pH and digestive strategies in estuarine tilapia (Cichlidae) and grey mullet (Mugilidae). (NEC). Scanned by Google. Springer, Dordrecht. Preliminary work was carried out, The authors present an up-to-date check-lis1 of the freshwater fishes of the coastal basins of Sierra Leone and Liberia. The Sierra Leone River is a river estuary on the Atlantic Ocean in Western Sierra Leone. This is a list of rivers in Sierra Leone. tide during the dry season. parallels of latitude north of the equator. The eight species of palaearctic migrant waders recorded are:[1], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}833N 1248W / 8.55N 12.80W / 8.55; -12.80. jack navarro newrez email, himalayan kittens for sale in wv, caney fork waterfront homes for sale,
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